Battle of Shiloh
Thure de Thulstrup |
Date: April 6-7, 1862
Location: Shiloh National Military Park, Savannah, Tennessee
Commanders: Union-Maj Gen Ulysses Grant; Confederate-Gen Albert Johnston
Strength: Union-48000 + 18000 reinforcements, Confederate-44000
Casualties: Union-13000, Confederate-11000
Result: Indecisive; Tactical Draw, Strategic Union Victory
Current Status: National Military Park
Introduction
After his victory at Fort Donelson, Grant marched his army down the Tennessee River to Pittsburg Landing, where he stopped to await reinforcements for a push towards the vital rail center of Corinth, Mississippi. Grant had now been reinforced to 48,000 men in six divisions under Maj Gens John McClernand and Lew Wallace, and Brig Gens W. H. L. Wallace (replacing Charles Smith who would die of infection and dysentery after an accidental leg injury), Stephen Hurlbut, William Sherman, and Benjamin Prentiss. More troops were arriving from the Army of the Ohio under Buell marching (slowly) down from Nashville. Grant was under strict orders from Halleck not to bring on an engagement before the arrival of Buell. While Grant headquartered in Savannah, his troops, half green, drilled without entrenchments or pickets near the Methodist church called Shiloh.
Meanwhile Confederate General Albert Johnston, had consolidated a massive Southern force of 45,000, pulled from Pensacola, New Orleans and regions all over the South. He titled the new force the Army of Mississippi, divided into four corps commanded by Maj Gens Leonidas Polk, Braxton Bragg, and William Hardee, as well as Brig Gen John Breckinridge. Despite opposition from Gen P. G. T. Beauregard, hero of the Battles of Ft Sumter and Bull Run and his second-in-command, Johnson planned to strike at Grant with a surprise attack and destroy his Army of Tennessee before it could unite with the Army of the Ohio. However, though Johnson planned to attack on April 4 weather, bad coordination, traffic jams, and a lack of discipline delayed an attack until April 6, 1862.
There were certainly rumblings of suspicion in the Union encampments about a potential attack. But little was done in the Union high command to prepare for the coming onslaught.
April 6
Center
Farley Field, site of the first shots at Shiloh |
A persistent legend, traced to one Northern reporter Whitelaw Reid, stated that Grant's troops were completely surprised by the Confederate attack and that men were bayoneted in their tents. Current research suggests otherwise. Alerted to the attack by the patrols, Col Peabody in the forward position quickly organized his troops and sent them to confront the approaching enemy, where heavy fighting broke out. However, higher ranking Federal officers, including Sherman and Prentiss, simply dismissed the fighting and consequently the first Federal lines were soon driven back to their camps.
Mortuary Monument, commemorating fallen leaders at Shiloh. There are five total, three Federal- Peabody, Raith and WHL Wallace-and two Confederate-Albert Johnston and Adley Gladden |
Hal Jespersen, 2011 |
West
Shiloh Church |
In 1851, John Ellis donated land to the Methodist Episcopalians, who created Shiloh Church. On April 6, 1862, the church was the center of Sherman's green Federal Division.
After dismissing allegations of a Confederate attack from his subordinates, Sherman was dramatically proven wrong at Rhea Field when he encountered the attacking Confederates of Col Patrick Cleburne in an exchange that killed an aide and slightly wounded him in the hand. Sherman immediately began redeeming himself, calling up his troops to the high ground around Shiloh Church who held against Cleburne's attack.
Rhea Field |
Rhea Creek from which the Confederate troops assaulted the Federal position |
Rhea Spring |
2nd Tennessee (Bates) Monument facing the 70th Ohio Monument |
On the other side of Shiloh Church the fighting was equally bloody. Led by Col William Bates, the 385 men of the 2nd Tennessee assaulted the Federal line against the 854 men of the 70th Ohio led by Col Joseph Cockerill. The attack was driven back with heavy losses of 235 (65%) including Bate, who was wounded in battle, though the 70th Ohio was eventually forced back with 77 losses. In 1904, the survivors of the 2nd Tennessee erected the monument seen in the midground, the first Confederate Monument in the park.
Polk, commanding the Confederate left threw more troops into the fray around Shiloh Church. During the fighting, wounded crawled into the building for shelter. The building was destroyed by the end of the second day of fighting.
Of the 25 commanding officers on the Confederate side here, three were killed and six were wounded. Of the five known Confederate burial trenches in Shiloh, two are situated near Rhea Spring.
Confederate Mass Grave #1 |
Confederate Mass Grave #2 |
White Oak Pond near the Crossroads |
Raith was badly wounded in the leg and fell behind enemy lines. He was recovered during the second day of fighting and brought to a hospital ship, but the leg had become infected and was amputated. Col Raith died of a tetanus infection four days later.
Jones Field |
Confederate Mass Grave #4 |
Center
"Hornet's Nest" Position |
Brig Gen Benjamin Prentiss' division had been shattered in the first few hours of the Battle of Shiloh, however he managed to hold a remnant force of 500 men along a farm road used by Joseph Duncan in the dead center of the field of Shiloh. The Confederates neglected to attack, looting the overrun Federal encampments and sending troops to reinforce the Eastern flank (see East). Later mythos would term the location "the Sunken Road", a supposedly natural trench-line, though as can be seen in this and period photos there is little to back that term up. A small ravine behind the road may have given the Federal troops protection from Confederate artillery bombardments, allowing them some protection to halt the Confederate infantry assaults. Fortunately for the Union forces, W.H.L Wallace's and Stephen Hurlbut's veterans also managed to reinforce this position to the West and East respectively, creating a powerful position behind open fields and thickets.This would be the center of the Union line for the next eight hours.
31st Indiana at the Hornet's Nest Positon |
Mythos has also stated that for the next five hours this was the center of the Battle of Shiloh, where Prentiss, ordered by Grant to hold at all costs, managed to drive back 11 Confederate attacks for eight hours until troops on either side gave way, allowing the Confederates to surround and capture the position. This was celebrated in newspapers, by veterans of the Hornet's Nest, by General Prentiss himself, and by the NPS. However the truth seems much more complicated. Multiple attacks were launched on the Sunken Road line, but attacks towards the Hornet's Nest itself is unknown due to by now chaotic state of Confederate order of battle.
1st Minnesota Light Artillery Monument |
Martinet Maj General Braxton Bragg, finding Col Randall Gibson's Brigade in reserve, decided the troops were shirking and immediately ordered a frontal assault on the Hornet's Nest at 12:00. It was quickly repulsed as well. Furious, Bragg ordered three more assaults on the Federal position by Gibson's luckless brigade, and despite furious opposition by Gibson himself, chewing the unit to pieces.
Arkansas State Memorial, listing all of the regiments who fought at Shiloh from the state as well as all of the fallen leaders. Near the center of the Hornet's Nest |
East
Cantrell Peach Orchard |
Stuart's men were green, and their commander was borderline incompetent, and they were quickly driven back from their encampments at the Cantrell Peach Orchard into the thick hills and ravines near the Tennessee River.
Missouri State Monument |
Kentucky State Monument |
Manse Cabin |
Center
"Bloody Pond" Position in front of the "Sunken Road" Line |
Wisconsin State Monument |
The Wisconsin Monument was erected in 1906 just behind the Hornet's Nest, where all three Wisconsin regiments that participated at Shiloh (the 14th, 16th and 18th) fought over. The monument depicts Victory grasping a mortally wounded color-bearer, and holding the flag aloft.
Bell Peach Orchard |
Johnston led the assault, and returned with his uniform nicked with bullets, laughing at Tennessee Governor Isham Harris who was serving as his aide:
"Governor, they came very near putting me hors de combat in that charge".
Harris was then sent off with a message, but when he returned, he found Johnston staggering on his horse at this spot. He grabbed Johnston.
"General, are you wounded?"
"Yes, and I fear seriously."
Years later, Harris returned, and claimed that a large tree marked where he found the mortally wounded Johnston, and it was memorialized as such. Later dating showed the tree was not there at the battle, but NPS attempts to remove the infected tree was met with howls of protest. It finally disappeared between 2000 and 2011 when I visited.
Ravine where Gen Albert Johnston died |
Ruggle's Grand Battery |
For an hour the opposing artillery pieces dueled, and while the Federal batteries drove back a few pieces they were overwhelmed. Finally at 4:30, a coordinated Confederate assualt, by all of the disorganized Confederates on the field, finally drove the Federals out of the Hornet's Nest.
There is some argument over whether the Federals at the Hornet's Nest under Prentiss were ordered to fight until overwhelmed, or whether Prentiss was either tardy or pinned down by Ruggle's artillery in pulling back his forces, as had Sherman, McClernand, Hurlbut, and Stuart. Regredless, as the Federal forces at the Hornet's Nest gave way, things turned to chaos. Some units withdrew in order. Others fragmented, the survivors fleeing towards Pittsburg Landing. In the ravine behind the Sunken Road, hundreds of Federal troops were trapped and surrendered, including Brig Gen Prentiss. The Confederates ended up capturing some 2,200 Federal troops in the area.
Brig Gen WHL Wallace deserved much of the credit for holding the Hornet's Nest position, his veterans providing much of the strength and experience in holding the position. As he extricated his men from the converging Confederate forces, Wallace was shot through the back of his head, and after a attempt at carrying him to safety, abandoned by his men behind some ammunition boxes. Everyone thought Wallace was dead, but when the Federal forces retook the ground the next day, they found to their surprise that he was still alive. On the first day of battle, Wallace's wife Ann had shown up at Pittsburg Landing for a surprise visit, only to spend the night nursing the wounded. The next day she nursed her mortally wounded husband until he passed away on April 10.
The collapse of the Hornet's Nest line precipitated a chaotic Federal retreat through the hillocks and gullies of what would later be called Hell's Hollow. In this area, four regiments were surrounded and forced to surrender, as was Brig Gen Benjamin Prentiss, who handing over his sword to Confederate Col Francis Walker at this spot. Prentiss, whose troops first encountered the Confederates early in the dawn, and who accused Col Peabody of starting the conflict, remained confident as a prisoner, telling his captors that they would be defeated the day after. Prentiss was exchanged and returned to the North a hero, though his career was sidelined.
I got lost while hiking in this small compact area, surrounded by green and the occasional markers, and I have no doubt why some 2000 Federal troops were captured in this area.
Confederate Monument |
Grant's Final Line
Hal Jespersen, 2011 |
He also had Col Joseph Webster, his chief of staff, coordinate a final defensive line. Webster created a strong, tight position overlooking the landing and guarded by 52 guns, including a battery of heavy siege guns prepared for attacking Corinth.
Late in the afternoon the survivors of the fighting at Shiloh filed in from right to left: Sherman, McClernand, Hurlbut with his and WHL Wallace's troops. Also arriving were reinforcements, the belated troops of Lew Wallace, and the first of the Army of the Ohio under Brig Gen William Nelson. Johnston's plan of destroying Grant before he was joined by Buell had failed.
Wallace's Lost Division
Hamburg-Savannah Road, on which Lew Wallace marched in the wrong direction |
What should have been a five mile march took nine miles and 7 hrs. Grant was furious. For the rest of his life Wallace, whose military career was essentially ruined at Shiloh, was forced to defend his actions, which Grant may or may not have contributed with now-missing orders. Lew Wallace is more famous for writing the epic novel Ben-Hur, and some have drawn parallels to elements of the plot and Wallace's own experience in the woods of Shiloh.
East
The Confederate troops were as equally exhausted as the Federals. However with the elimination of the Hornet's Nest, Bragg believed one more attack could have driven the Federals to their destruction. As a result, he ordered the battered troops of Chalmers, Jackson, Deas, and Anderson to attack at dusk.
Federal Siege Cannon |
Naval Artillery facing the flooded Dill Branch of the Tennessee River at Dusk |
The Mississippian Shiloh Mounds were at least 400 years old when the Battle of Shiloh erupted around it in 1862. Some fighting occurred in the area while Federal forces were driven back towards Grant's Final Line at Pittsburg Landing. After the battle, members if the 28th Illinois, who had suffered heavy losses during the fighting, buried many of their comrades here at the top of Mound G, perhaps as the Native Americans, to honor their fallen in a prominent position. The bodies were later moved to the National Cemetery, but recent ground penetrating radar surveys suggest at least one body remains.
Strongly anchored on a bluff overlooking the Tennessee River and Dill's Branch, backed by a large assortment of artillery pieces, this was the last line of defense the Federal forces had at Shiloh, guarding the important objective of Pittsburg Landing on the other side of the ridge. Brig Gen Jacob Ammen's Brigade, the first units to reinforce Grant from the Army of the Ohio, were quickly ferried across the river and positioned here in time to stop the final Confederate attacks of April 6.
Pittsburg Landing was a small shipping port that provided the Army of the Tennessee with supplies and reinforcements. During the fighting on April 6, perhaps 10,000 Union troops, shocked and separated from their units, fled here and cowered on bluffs, despite Grant's attempts to rally them. William Nelson's Division of the Army of the Ohio was ferried here in the late afternoon, the first of Buell's reinforcements. Nelson, nicknamed "Bull", yelled at the panicked stragglers blocking his way: “Damn your souls, if you won’t fight, get out of the way, and let men come here who will!”.
Tennessee River |
Grant's HQ at the National Cemetery |
"Well Grant, we've had the Devil's own day didn't we?"
"Yes" Grant replied, taking a puff,
"lick 'em tomorrow though".
April 7
West
On April 7, as Grant's only fresh unit, Wallace's Division led a counter-attack on the Confederates of Pond's brigade, which had inexplicably remained near Grant's final line when the rest of the army had pulled back. Pond was quickly driven across Jones Field, until a counterattack by the remains of Gibson's and Wood's Brigades stopped the advance.
Confederate Mass Grave #5 |
Three regiments of Michigan infantry and one battery participated at Shiloh. The figure on this monument faces Corinth Mississippi, the ultimate objective of this campaign.
Hal Jespersen, 2011 |
Center
Buell and Grant were not on friendly terms, and consequently the counterattack between the two army commanders were fairly uncoordinated.
Just behind the Bell Peach Orchard, Bloody Pond was so-named because a civilian mentioned that when he walked along the battlefield, he had seen the pond turn red with blood from all of the wounded men and horses who came here to drink-and die. However, the account came many years after the war, and the pond may or may not have been existent at that point.
Bloody Pond |
As Nelson advanced from the Peach Orchard, Brig Gen Thomas Crittenden's Division marched to his left from the Sunken Road.
The brigades of Col Jacob Ammen and Sanders Bruce managed to overrun a Confederate battery here at Davis Field. However the Confederates counterattacked, and after heavy fighting the Federals fell back. Trabue's Brigade counterattacked and was repulsed-and Kentucky Confederate Governor George Johnson was killed in the exchange. As Brig Gen Alexander McCook's Division swung to the left of Crittenden, it drove back Col Russell's brigade but was then stopped himself. It was now noon, and Buell's forces were stalemated.
Commanded by Col Marshall Smith, the 24th Louisiana, also known as the Crescent Regiment, had fought at the Hornet's Nest on April 6, 1862. On the 7th, the Regiment was positioned here, at the edge of the Davis Wheat Field with the Washington Battery. During the fighting, the regiment managed to recover the guns overrun by Union infantry of the Army of the Ohio. The regiment was dismantled after the Siege of Corinth.
Private J.D. Putnam of the 14th Wisconsin Infantry was killed here at Shiloh on April 7, 1862 when his regiment charged a Confederate battery near the Hornet's Nest. His comrades buried him under an oak tree where he fell, and carved his name sufficiently low enough that when Putnam's body was moved to Shiloh National Cemetery, he could be and was identified. In 1901, the Wisconsin Shiloh Monument Commissioners found the stump with Putnam's name still remaining, and replaced it with a granite replica at the exact same spot. The original stump was moved to the Wisconsin State Capitol, where it was destroyed during a fire in 1904.
West
Illinois State Monument |
The forces of Wallace, Sherman, and McClernand hit this line, which nevertheless held for two hours. Beauregard, now recognizing the danger to his army, rallied and led unit after unit against the Federals. Then McCook's troops appeared and hit Bragg on the flank. Under attack from three sides, Bragg's forces fell back. Beauregard managed to assemble a scratch force under Wood and sent it charging across Water Oaks Pond, slamming into McCook's troops and driving it back. However, McCook then quickly counterattacked and threw Wood's force back across the pond.
Tennessee State Monument |
"General, do you not think our troops in the condition of a lump of sugar thoroughly soaked with water, but yet preserving its original shape, though ready to dissolve?"
Beauregard replied "I intend to withdraw in a few minutes."
A blocking force of 2000 troops was thrown around Shiloh Church, and everywhere the Confederates began pulling back. By 5:00PM the Confederates had retreated from the field. Too tired and battered themselves to pursue, the Federal troops fell back to Grant's former encampments. The Battle of Shiloh had ended.
This monument, erected by the state of Tennessee to commemorate members of the state who fought at Shiloh, was erected in 2007 and is the most recent statue in the park.
Shiloh National Cemetery Front Gate |
Aftermath
The Battle of Shiloh stunned the nation. The Union Armies had suffered some 13,000 casualties, including 1750 dead and some 2000 captured. The Confederates had officially suffered some 11,000 casualties, but the numbers are unknown. Among these losses were future explorers John Welsey Powell, who lost an arm at Shiloh and Henry Stanley, captured at the end of the battle. Both sides had suffered more than twice the combined losses as the previous bloodiest battle in North America, Bull Run. In fact, in two days of fighting, the 24,000 casualties were more combat losses than the country had sustained during the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the Mexican War combined. Because the bodies began rotting in the April heat, Grant quickly had the dead buried in long trenches.
Wisconsin Flag-bearer Circle at the National Cemetery |
Confederate Mass Grave #3 |
What did Shiloh accomplish? For many on both sides, the monstrous slaughter deep in the Tennessee wilderness seemed pointless. No cities exchanged hands, no army was destroyed, nothing seemed to have been achieved. Grant and Sherman received heavy criticism from the public, spurred by reports that the Federal troops were caught unawares and many were bayoneted in their tents and/or that Grant had been drunk, while Beauregard was criticized for withdrawing and not destroying Grant late on April 6.
Iowa Monument Detail |
Iowa Monument |
Hindsight however showed that Shiloh was much more important than first thought. Grant managed to rebound from the near-disaster, and learned to rely on his bulldog instincts of fighting. Sherman recovered from his nervous breakdown and surprise to discover his ability to lead men in fighting. Johnston's stripping the West for an army would directly result in the loss of Memphis and New Orleans, while his failure to destroy Grant and the Army of the Tennessee would result in that army becoming the most successful in the Civil War, resulting in the later loss of Vicksburg, Chattanooga and the entire West and the Carolinas. Both sides now realized that a few battles would not win the Civil War, but would take the total conquest of the South. 1862 would show that bloodshed could only increase in this conflict.
To Visit
To visit Shiloh, take HWY 40 (West from Nashville, East from Memphis) and exit at HWY 69S. Follow the road until it passes by the park.
https://www.google.com/maps/dir//35.1515934,-88.3217612/@35.1469791,-88.3324901,15z/data=!4m3!4m2!1m0!1m0?hl=en
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